Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département 7 Avril 2025 - 22h08
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Le Pas-de-Calais, terre de labeurs : l'industrie

Galerie photos

Le département du Pas-de-Calais a fortement été marqué par le développement d’activités industrielles. A la fin du 19e siècle déjà, 37,5% des chefs de famille en activité travaillent dans l’industrie.

Fleurons de l’histoire du département, les usines textiles ont été une source d’emplois importante. En 1907, la production de tulle fournit par exemple du travail à 40% de la population calaisienne. Moins connue, l’usine Lee Cooper s’implante à Boulogne-sur-Mer en 1972. Le territoire a également longtemps été renommé pour la fabrication des chaussures à Lillers, la faïencerie à Desvres qui s’est développée dès 1765 ou encore pour la production du verre. Arc international est aujourd’hui le plus grand site de production verrière mondial.

Ce développement industriel est aussi dû à la richesse des sols. Les carrières de marbre du boulonnais sont exploitées de manière artisanale depuis la fin du Moyen-Âge, mais un nouvel essor à la fin du 19e siècle lui donne une dimension industrielle. L’exploitation des mines a favorisé l’implantation d’usines métallurgiques, notamment celle des Aciéries Paris Outreau, même si la métallurgie du Pas-de-Calais reste moins développée que celle du Nord.

Les différents secteurs d’activités du Pas-de-Calais ne sont pas déconnectés les uns des autres. Sans puissance agricole, l’industrie agroalimentaire ne se serait probablement pas autant développée dans le département. On compte ainsi de nombreuses brasseries et sucreries. De même, la présence de ports importants et de mines a favorisé l’installation d’industries. Ainsi dès la deuxième moitié du 19e siècle les sites de productions s’installent dans les zones portuaires, près du bassin minier ou le long des voies ferrées. Ce mouvement s’accélère après la Première guerre mondiale : les industries se concentrent avec le développement des moyennes et grandes entreprises au détriment des plus petits ateliers. A l’inverse, on peut noter qu’avant la guerre le travail à domicile est encore très présent. Ainsi 30 000 personnes travaillent encore à domicile dans le secteur textile en 1914.

L’entre-deux-guerres c’est aussi le moment de la seconde révolution industrielle. Les structures financières se modernisent, ce qui permet des investissements importants. Dans le travail en tant que tel on observe de multiples évolutions : emploi du moteur électrique, mécanisation ou encore organisation rationnelle du travail avec le taylorisme. Toutefois cette seconde révolution se fait timide dans le Pas-de-Calais : la trame industrielle reste figée avec peu de diversification des activités et aucune industrie de pointe qui s’y installe. Il existe toutefois des exceptions, notamment avec le secteur chimique dans la vallée de la Scarpe et à Calais ou la métallurgie arrageoise.

 

Exploitation du marbre boulonnais
1960-1970
Syndicat mixte du Parc naturel régional
des Caps et Marais d’Opale

Atelier de montage à l’usine Fanien
Désiré APPOURCHAUX (1898-1975)
Début des années 1950, Lillers
Mairie de Lillers

Confection de pantalons en jean
1973-1975, Boulogne-sur-Mer
©Archives municipales Boulogne-sur-Mer, 56Fi

Modeleuse
1900-1950, Desvres
Collection Musée de la Céramique Desvres
© MDC

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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
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Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
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Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
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Timing: Apr 08 2025 00:08:23
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Database Queries139

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Time used to render debug report: 0.0006 secs