Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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Le Pas-de-Calais, terre de labeurs : la mine

Galerie photos

Plus encore que les aciéries ou les usines carbochimiques qui leur sont associées, c’est le travail dans les mines en tant que tel qui a marqué les mémoires. L’histoire de l’activité minière dans le Pas-de-Calais commence en 1850. Après de nombreuses recherches, la délimitation du bassin minier est enfin officielle et permet une division du gisement entre dix grandes sociétés. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ces sociétés disparaissent avec leur nationalisation et la création des Charbonnages de France qui sont chargés de la gestion de ce patrimoine industriel et économique.

Le quotidien des mineurs a été immortalisé par plusieurs photographes dans le cadre de commandes officielles des Charbonnages de France. D’autres artistes l’ont fait avec un regard plus engagé.  Aidé de militants syndicaux, Robert Doisneau s’est en effet introduit secrètement au fond de la mine pour témoigner de la dureté des conditions de travail dans les mines de Lens en 1945.

L’activité minière se divise entre travail au fond et travail au jour. Si la dureté du travail au fond est souvent évoquée, le travail au jour est également éreintant. C’est dans le bruit et la poussière, sous une chaleur suffocante l’été et dans un froid glacial l’hiver, que les femmes, appelées trieuses, doivent différencier les schistes du charbon.

La production minière s’est développée très rapidement dans le Pas-de-Calais, lui permettant d’être le premier bassin charbonnier de France dès 1878. Cette prépondérance s’est accrue jusqu’à faire de ce bassin la source de 50% de la production charbonnière de France en 1913. Cet accroissement est en parti dû au progrès technique. Toutefois celui-ci reste limité, notamment au fond. Aussi pour continuer à produire plus, il est nécessaire d’embaucher plus. L’accroissement naturel ne suffit pas et les mines augmentent le recrutement rural et font appel à l’immigrations. Au jour les progrès sont plus visibles : le charbon est de meilleure qualité, la production de coke augmente et la carbochimie se met en place. Les compagnies construisent notamment des centrales thermiques et revendent l’électricité ainsi produite.

Si la situation des charbonnages est exceptionnellement prospère avant la guerre, cette dernière a causé de nombreuses destructions. La reconstruction est préparée dès 1917 par les compagnies minières. Cette reconstruction a été l’occasion de créer de nouveaux puits d’extraction avec de nouvelles technologies. Ainsi le passage de la vapeur à l’électricité a été beaucoup plus rapide qu’ailleurs en France. De même, le transport au fond est renouvelé, l’utilisation du marteau piqueur se développe mais le recours à l’air comprimé entraîne le développement de la silicose. La production charbonnière retrouve vite son niveau d’avant la guerre et le dépasse même dès 1925. Néanmoins, le Pas-de-Calais a perdu sa domination face aux autres sites de production, il ne représente plus que 30 à 46% de la production nationale entre 1926 et 1938.

L’après Seconde Guerre mondiale annonce le début de la fin des charbonnages en France. Le développement de la pétrochimie et les coûts d’exploitation plus élevés en France qu'ailleurs (qu'en Asie notamment) ont précipité la fin de l’exploitation des mines. Elle s’arrête définitivement en 1990 dans le Pas-de-Calais.

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Timing: Nov 26 2024 09:29:13
Script start
Timing: Nov 26 2024 09:29:13
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Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:13
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Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'Media library'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'User accounts'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'Webshop'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'Design'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'Setup'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'My account'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'eZTags'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'eZComments'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'eZFind'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'Lists by class'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'Newsletter'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'SMS'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/navigationpart' with comment: 'Navigation part'. The untranslated message is: 'formviewcount'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/classes/datatypes' with comment: 'Datatype name'. The untranslated message is: 'Image'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/classes/datatypes' with comment: 'Datatype name'. The untranslated message is: 'Object relations'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
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Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/classes/datatypes' with comment: 'Datatype name'. The untranslated message is: 'Selection'
Timing: Nov 26 2024 09:29:14
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