Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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Inauguration du tunnel sous la Manche

Jamais deux sans trois . Cet adage populaire illustre bien la concrétisation d’un vieux rêve : relier l’Angleterre au continent. Il y eut d’abord un premier chantier, abandonné en 1882 (voir  Des calèches sous la Manche ), puis un second, lui-même stoppé en 1975 (voir "Chunnel or not Chunnel" dans  Histoire et Mémoire n° 59 p.  5-7). 

Fort heureusement, l’obsession était tenace, puisque le troisième projet aboutit finalement à l’inauguration du tunnel le 6 mai 1994.

Relance du projet

La relance, en 1985, résulte notamment de l’entente cordiale entre François Mitterrand et Margaret Thatcher . Le 20 janvier 1986, le président français et la première ministre britannique apparaissent côte à côte pour annoncer la solution retenue parmi les quatre en lice : ce sera celle des groupes France Manche et Channel Tunnel group. Le 12 février, à Canterbury, les deux chefs d’État signent le traité franco-britannique concrétisant la réalisation de la future liaison transmanche.

Photographie couleur montrant l'entrée d'un tunnel non creusé, surmontée du logo "Eurotunnel" et "TML". De part et d'autre on reconnaît les représentations de François Ier et Henry VIII. Quelques personnes se pressent autour.

Entrée du tunnel de Pauplingues, 28 mars 1989. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 50 Fi 492.

Un mois plus tard, le 14 mars, le consortium France Manche et Channel Tunnel group (devenu depuis Eurotunnel) obtient une concession pour une durée de 55 ans. Les travaux débutent à l’automne, bien que le traité binational ne soit pas encore ratifié (il le sera le 29 juillet 1987). Durant toute la durée du chantier (à savoir huit ans), Eurotunnel demeure le maître d’ouvrage principal qui supervise la réalisation et assure l’exploitation ; mais la livraison de l’ouvrage a été conclue avec le groupe TLM (TransManche Link), association de dix entreprises de BTP (cinq anglaises et cinq françaises).

Le projet du siècle

Tous les médias parlent du "projet du siècle" : le tunnel mesurera 49,2 km et sera composé de trois galeries, deux principales pour les navettes et les trains et une troisième plus petite, dite galerie de service. Il s’agit d’un système de transport de masse qui réunit à la fois la route et le rail ; la vitesse moyenne des trains étant de 160 km/h, on peut espérer une traversée en 35 mn. Du jamais vu auparavant !

En parallèle, on crée des infrastructures complémentaires. En France, dès janvier 1986, le conseil des ministres a adopté des mesures contenant un triple volet routier, ferroviaire et portuaire : aménagement de nouvelles portions d’autoroutes et de routes nationales, mais aussi nouveau tracé ferroviaire afin de permettre à l’Eurostar d’effectuer des liaisons Londres-Bruxelles.

Des prouesses techniques

Galerie dans laquelle s'affairent des ouvriers.

Une galerie du tunnel. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 50 Fi 5863.

Le tracé du tunnel a été méticuleusement pensé en amont. S’appuyant sur l’étude précise du terrain, on décide de suivre les couches de craie bleue dont les propriétés correspondent le mieux au percement, et de partir ainsi de Coquelles pour atteindre Folkestone .
Le démarrage est laborieux pour les équipes et les machines. Des problèmes majeurs apparaissent, tels qu’infiltrations d’eau ou défaillances de l’outillage. Six mois de retard environ sont d’abord pris par rapport au calendrier prévisionnel initial. Mais rien n’est insoluble pour les ingénieurs et, après rodage des machines, on accomplit des records : les équipes travaillent jour et nuit et onze tunneliers percent les différentes galeries. Finalement, fin 1990, les forages sont achevés avec trois jours d’avance sur la date prévue.

Des conséquences positives pour la région

Photographie couleur montrant une foule en liesse portant des drapeaux français et britanniques, devant l'entrée d'un tunnel.

Fête d'inauguration. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 50 Fi 5784

Les voies ferrées et les équipements du système de transport peuvent dès lors être installés. Le 15 juillet 1991, on commence à poser les rails. Encore deux ans de travaux seront nécessaires pour terminer ce chantier titanesque.
Au plus fort de la construction, en 1990, 4 000 personnes environ sont employées sur le terrain. En tout, 7 000 emplois ont été créés en cinq ans et plus de 1 500 sociétés, principalement des PME , ont travaillé pour TML. En effet, la compagnie a passé 6,5 milliards de commandes, notamment aux entreprises du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, très actives sur le chantier. On estime qu’elles ont multiplié leur chiffre d’affaires par 2,5 durant la durée des travaux. Et plus de 90 % de la main-d’œuvre est locale. Une vraie bouffée d’oxygène pour notre région durement frappée par la crise économique.

En 1999, un ensemble de dirigeants et d’éditeurs de constructions internationales désigne l’ouvrage comme l’une des plus grandes réussites en termes d’infrastructures, à l’image du barrage d’Assouan ou de l’opéra de Sydney.

Bibliographie

  • A. BARRÉ, "Le tunnel sous la Manche et ses problèmes vus au travers de la presse française", dans  Campagnes et littoraux d'Europe. Mélanges offerts à Pierre Flatrés p.  177-183, Lille, 1988. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, BHB 4536 
  • J. DOMINÉ,  Le Tunnel sous la Manche , Arras,  impr.  de Montligeaon, 1988. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, BHC 1197/1 
  • A. HAMY, "Le chantier du siècle, la construction du tunnel sous la Manche", dans le  Bulletin historique et artistique du Calaisis  185, janvier 2008,  p.  45-83. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, PB 89/13

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Warning: eZTemplate:def @ extension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/embed/image.tpl:42[15] Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Variable 'currentURL' is already defined.
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/line.tpl" with resource "design"
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tpl" with resource "design"
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Timing: Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
Script end
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:29:53
eZTemplate: Loading template "setup/debug_toolbar.tpl" with resource "design"

Main resources:

Total runtime0.4342 sec
Peak memory usage10,752.0000 KB
Database Queries326

Timing points:

CheckpointStart (sec)Duration (sec)Memory at start (KB)Memory used (KB)
Script start 0.00000.0090 1,140.7422610.0781
Module start 'content' 0.00900.2386 1,750.82034,905.7656
Module end 'content' 0.24760.1865 6,656.58592,711.8906
Script end 0.4341  9,368.4766 

Time accumulators:

 Accumulator Duration (sec) Duration (%) Count Average (sec)
Ini load
Load cache0.01383.1783270.0005
Check MTime0.01042.3949270.0004
Mysql Total
Database connection0.00060.130410.0006
Mysqli_queries0.165638.13803260.0005
Looping result0.00350.79953060.0000
TS translator
TS init0.00280.6464230.0001
TS cache load0.00120.2781230.0001
TS context load0.00100.2221230.0000
Template Total0.398791.830.1329
Template load0.00571.318530.0019
Template processing0.393090.507830.1310
Template load and register function0.00010.030910.0001
states
state_id_array0.00320.7433100.0003
state_identifier_array0.00340.7832110.0003
Override
Cache load0.00501.14921070.0000
Sytem overhead
Fetch class attribute name0.00260.604870.0004
Fetch class attribute can translate value0.00060.136170.0001
class_abstraction
Instantiating content class attribute0.00010.0158160.0000
XML
Image XML parsing0.00641.483070.0009
General
dbfile0.00471.0817450.0001
String conversion0.00000.002430.0000
Note: percentages do not add up to 100% because some accumulators overlap

CSS/JS files loaded with "ezjscPacker" during request:

CacheTypePacklevelSourceFiles
CSS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/formulaire.css
JS0extension/cg62/design/archeo/javascript/commentaires.js
CSS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/bootstrap.min.css
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/stylesheets/fonts.css
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/stylesheets/base.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/confort-lecture.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/video-js2.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/page.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/agenda.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/actualites-detail.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/jquery.cluetip.css
extension/cg62/design/archeo/stylesheets/archeo.css
extension/cg62/design/archives/stylesheets/archives.css
extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/stylesheets/patrimoines.css
JS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/common/fr_tools.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/common/accessibility_tools.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cookie.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery-ui.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cluetip.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.colorbox.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.colorbox-fr.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle.all.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.pager.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.tmpl.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.center.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.carousel.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/accessiform.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/settings.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/video.dev.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/subtitles.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.bxslider.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.mmenu.min.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.scrollTo.min.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/flex-fallback.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/hardelot.js
extension/cg62/design/archeo/javascript/archeo.js
extension/cg62/design/archives/javascript/archives.js
extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/javascript/patrimoines.js

Templates used to render the page:

UsageRequested templateTemplateTemplate loadedEditOverride
1node/view/full.tplnode/view/full/history_event.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/node/view/full/history_event.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezhistorydate.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezhistorydate.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplcontent/datatype/view/content.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/content/datatype/view/content.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/link.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archeo/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/link.tplEdit templateOverride template
9content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tplEdit templateOverride template
26content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/mise_en_avant.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/mise_en_avant.tplEdit templateOverride template
9content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tplEdit templateOverride template
8content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tplEdit templateOverride template
6content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/view/embed-inline.tplembed-inline/image.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/embed-inline/image.tplEdit templateOverride template
12content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/view/lightbox.tplembed/image.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/embed/image.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/line.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/line.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplcontent/datatype/view/bloc_vide.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/content/datatype/view/bloc_vide.tplEdit templateOverride template
3content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tplEdit templateOverride template
3content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/li.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/li.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/ul.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/ul.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezobjectrelationlist.tplcontent/datatype/view/related_content.tplextension/cg62/design/archives/override/templates/content/datatype/view/related_content.tplEdit templateOverride template
1pagelayout.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/templates/pagelayout.tplEdit templateOverride template
1setup/debug_toolbar.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/setup/debug_toolbar.tplEdit templateOverride template
 Number of times templates used: 100
 Number of unique templates used: 22

Time used to render debug report: 0.0011 secs