Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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Naissance de l'écrivain Georges Bernanos

Vacances à Fressin

Ses parents achètent en 1896 une propriété aux allures de château, dans un village isolé de l’Artois, Fressin . Les Fressinois lui donnent le nom de château Le Noir, du nom de l’ancien propriétaire de cette grande maison de maître qui sera, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, occupée par des soldats allemands puis détruite par un incendie, le 27 novembre 1940. Il n’en reste qu’un pigeonnier et une plaque gravée de ces mots de Bernanos : J’habitais au temps de ma jeunesse une vieille chère maison dans les arbres, un minuscule hameau du pays d’Artois, plein de murmure de feuillage et d’eau vive .

C’est donc à partir de l’âge de huit ans que Georges Bernanos passe régulièrement ses vacances dans cette petite commune rurale du canton de Fruges. Enfant rêveur épris de solitude,  il sillonne ce pays d’Artois dont la beauté sauvage servira de cadre à plusieurs de ses romans . Plus tard, il écrira : J’ai passé les meilleurs jours de mon enfance et de ma jeunesse dans une vieille propriété de campagne, appartenant à mon père, au petit village de Fressin, dans un pays de grands bois et de pâturages, où j’ai plus ou moins fait vivre tous les personnages de mes romans [ note 1

Études au collège d'Aire-sur-la-Lys

À Fressin, son père, Émile Bernanos, tapissier-décorateur de profession et passionné de photographie, entretient des relations suivies avec les ecclésiastiques de la région. C’est d’ailleurs sur les conseils du curé de Fressin, l’abbé Dubois, que Georges est placé au collège Sainte-Marie d’Aire-sur-la-Lys en octobre 1904.
Depuis l’âge de dix ans, il était interne chez les Pères Jésuites de la rue Vaugirard à Paris mais, en 1901, la sévérité de la loi sur les associations à l'encontre des congrégations religieuses, pousse les Jésuites à quitter l’établissement, au profit de maîtres laïcs. C’est sans doute pour que leur fils puisse continuer à suivre une éducation religieuse que les parents de Georges Bernanos, catholiques traditionalistes et antirépublicains, le font entrer d’abord au petit séminaire Notre-Dame-des-Champs à Paris, puis au collège d’Aire-sur-la-Lys où il devient bachelier en 1906.

Dans une lettre adressée à son ancien professeur du petit séminaire, l’abbé Lagrange, Bernanos n’épargne pas ses condisciples flamands :

[…] quant aux élèves c’est un mélange… Éléments de gens bien élevés, venus de tous les coins du Pas-de-Calais, éléments de Flamands qui sont bêtes. Par bonheur, nous sommes deux Parisiens en classe. […] à nous deux nous remuons ces gros bœufs du Nord, qui suivent éternellement le songe intérieur qu’ils n’achèvent jamais. Oh ! si vous voyiez ces yeux bleus noyés, non pas dans le rêve, mais dans l’inconscience et l’indifférence de tout ce qui n’est pas ripaille ! Oh ! les Flamands !

Lithographie monochrome montrant un village dans la campagne.

Alexandre Colin, Vue de Fressin. Vue panoramique prise du sud, 1831. Collection Ludovic Froissart. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4 Fi 1808.

Ces deux années passées à Aire-sur-la-Lys conduisent Bernanos à abandonner ses desseins sacerdotaux. Il ne sera pas prêtre, il suivra des études de droit et de lettres . À 18 ans, se profilent également ses   premières réflexions politiques et idéologiques. Il admire " ces vaillants de l’Action française, ces vrais fils de Gaule" et adhère au mouvement, rejoint même les camelots du Roi en 1908, fidèle en cela aux idées inculquées par son père monarchiste et antidreyfusard.
À Rouen, où il dirige L'Avant-garde un hebdomadaire royaliste, il se fiance à Jeanne Talbert d’Arc, prétendue descendante du frère de Jeanne d’Arc, qui préside le comité normand des "Dames de l’Action française".

En août 1914, Georges Bernanos, pourtant réformé, s’engage au 6e régiment de dragons comme soldat de deuxième classe. Il est affecté dans une brigade de transmission en qualité d’agent de liaison cycliste. Il reçoit la croix de guerre avec étoile de bronze.

Aspirations littéraires en campagne artésienne

Après son mariage en 1917, il accepte le poste de courtier en assurance que lui propose son beau-père. Son métier et sa vie de voyageur de commerce lui sont odieux . À trente-cinq ans, de santé fragile et déjà père de quatre enfants (il en aura six), il mène une  vie instable et sa situation financière est laborieuse . Il rêve de gloire littéraire, écrit des nouvelles peu remarquées.

Durant l’été 1919, il commence la rédaction d’un roman, Sous le soleil de Satan qui paraît en 1926. Il achève son roman à Fressin qui sert, avec les plateaux d’Artois sévères et mystérieux, de décor à l’intrigue. Bernanos puise son inspiration dans les paysages de son enfance, dans les chemins du pays d’Artois, à l’extrême automne, fauves et odorants comme des bêtes, sentiers pourrissants sous la pluie de novembre, grandes chevauchées des nuages, rumeurs du ciel, eaux mortes […] .

Ses romans suivants, Journal d’un curé de campagne qui décrit l’existence d’un jeune prêtre dans la paroisse d’Ambricourt , Nouvelle histoire de Mouchette ou Monsieur Ouine se situent entre Montreuil, Saint-Pol et Lumbres, dans une campagne que Bernanos décrit sous le ciel hivernal : Il tombait une de ces pluies fines qu’on avale à pleins poumons, qui vous descendent jusqu’au ventre. De la côte de Saint-Vaast, le village m’est apparu brusquement, si tassé, si misérable, sous le ciel hideux de novembre . [ note 2 ]

Les souvenirs de son enfance, l’âme des gens croisés en Artois, l’inspirent également pour ses personnages de fiction, Mouchette, l’abbé Donissan, le curé d’Ambricourt, Chantal de Clergerie, etc. Dès que je prends la plume, ce qui se lève tout de suite en moi, c'est mon enfance, mon enfance si ordinaire, qui ressemble à toutes les autres, et dont pourtant je tire tout ce que j'écris comme d'une source inépuisable de rêves .

Signature manuscrite de Georges Bernanos.

Fac-similé de la signature de Georges Bernanos, Les Nouvelles Épîtres, 1945-1946. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 76 J 23.

Un écrivain reconnu et engagé

Après le succès de son premier roman ,   Bernanos abandonne les assurances, réalise pleinement sa vocation d’écrivain , et choisit de vivre de sa plume. Il ne cessera plus d’écrire et de voyager. À la suite des accords de Munich, il rompt avec la droite maurassienne et se consacre exclusivement à des écrits de combat. Il publie notamment des essais pamphlétaires sur la guerre d’Espagne ou la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui trouvent aujourd’hui un écho prophétique :

Ça vous embête de m’écouter parler si longtemps des imbéciles ? Eh bien, il m’en coûte, à moi, d’en parler ! Mais il faut d’abord que je vous persuade d’une chose : c’est que vous n’aurez pas raison des imbéciles par le fer ou par le feu. Car je répète qu’ils n’ont inventé ni le fer, ni le feu, ni les gaz mais ils utilisent parfaitement tout ce qui les dispense de penser par eux-mêmes. Ils aimeront mieux tuer que penser, voilà le malheur ! […] En attendant la machine à penser qu’ils attendent, qu’ils exigent, qui va venir, ils se contenteront très bien de la machine à tuer, elle leur va comme un gant.

Les grands cimetières sous la lune, 1938.

En 1987, Maurice Pialat reçoit la palme d’or à Cannes pour son adaptation de Sous le soleil de Satan tournée à Fressin et dans la région des Sept-Vallées.

Notes

[ note 1 ] "Autobiographie", article paru dans la revue La Nef , n° 45, août 1948.

[ note 2 ]   Journal d’un curé de campagne, 1936.

Bibliographie

  • L. LÉGER, "Bernanos et l’Artois",  Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences, lettres et arts d’Arras 5e  série, tome  V , 1966-1979. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, BHB 6929/4
  • C. DHÉRENT,  Georges Bernanos sur les chemins de l’Artois , 2007
  • J. BOTHOREL,  Bernanos, le mal pensant , Paris, Bernard Grasset, 1998, 392  p.  Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, BHB 5761

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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/link.tpl" with resource "design"
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tpl" with resource "design"
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/classes/datatypes' with comment: 'Datatype name'. The untranslated message is: 'Object relation'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'kernel/classes/datatypes' with comment: 'Datatype name'. The untranslated message is: 'Object relations'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Timing: Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
Script end
Notice: Nov 26 2024 10:38:41
eZTemplate: Loading template "setup/debug_toolbar.tpl" with resource "design"

Main resources:

Total runtime0.3167 sec
Peak memory usage9,728.0000 KB
Database Queries226

Timing points:

CheckpointStart (sec)Duration (sec)Memory at start (KB)Memory used (KB)
Script start 0.00000.0142 1,140.8047610.0859
Module start 'content' 0.01430.0193 1,750.89061,259.7656
Module end 'content' 0.03360.2830 3,010.65635,449.8906
Script end 0.3166  8,460.5469 

Time accumulators:

 Accumulator Duration (sec) Duration (%) Count Average (sec)
Ini load
Load cache0.01484.6595270.0005
Check MTime0.01083.4019270.0004
Mysql Total
Database connection0.00070.224910.0007
Mysqli_queries0.114035.98522260.0005
Looping result0.00280.87892140.0000
TS translator
TS init0.00341.0865230.0001
TS cache load0.00120.3861230.0001
TS context load0.00100.3027230.0000
Template Total0.282989.320.1414
Template load0.00401.263820.0020
Template processing0.278888.057420.1394
Template load and register function0.00010.029710.0001
Override
Cache load0.00361.1297990.0000
states
state_id_array0.00110.345730.0004
state_identifier_array0.00090.291530.0003
Sytem overhead
Fetch class attribute can translate value0.00070.205640.0002
Fetch class attribute name0.00040.123120.0002
XML
Image XML parsing0.00421.313440.0010
class_abstraction
Instantiating content class attribute0.00000.006640.0000
General
dbfile0.00401.2607340.0001
String conversion0.00000.010750.0000
Note: percentages do not add up to 100% because some accumulators overlap

CSS/JS files loaded with "ezjscPacker" during request:

CacheTypePacklevelSourceFiles
CSS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/bootstrap.min.css
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/stylesheets/fonts.css
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/stylesheets/base.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/confort-lecture.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/video-js2.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/page.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/agenda.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/actualites-detail.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/jquery.cluetip.css
extension/cg62/design/archeo/stylesheets/archeo.css
extension/cg62/design/archives/stylesheets/archives.css
extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/stylesheets/patrimoines.css
JS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/common/fr_tools.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/common/accessibility_tools.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cookie.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery-ui.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cluetip.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.colorbox.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.colorbox-fr.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle.all.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.pager.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.tmpl.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.center.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.carousel.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/accessiform.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/settings.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/video.dev.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/subtitles.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.bxslider.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.mmenu.min.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.scrollTo.min.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/flex-fallback.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/hardelot.js
extension/cg62/design/archeo/javascript/archeo.js
extension/cg62/design/archives/javascript/archives.js
extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/javascript/patrimoines.js

Templates used to render the page:

UsageRequested templateTemplateTemplate loadedEditOverride
1pagelayout.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/templates/pagelayout.tplEdit templateOverride template
5content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tplEdit templateOverride template
3content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/view/embed-inline.tplembed-inline/image.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/embed-inline/image.tplEdit templateOverride template
16content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tplEdit templateOverride template
17content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tplEdit templateOverride template
5content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tplEdit templateOverride template
19content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/anchor.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/anchor.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/link.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archeo/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/link.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/line.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/line.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_longue.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_longue.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/view/lightbox.tplembed/image.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/embed/image.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/separation.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/separation.tplEdit templateOverride template
1setup/debug_toolbar.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/setup/debug_toolbar.tplEdit templateOverride template
 Number of times templates used: 89
 Number of unique templates used: 17

Time used to render debug report: 0.0010 secs