Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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Les moulins d'hier et d'aujourd'hui

Les moulins constituent, au même titre que les châteaux, les églises ou les maisons, des éléments de notre patrimoine. Le Pas-de-Calais en a possédé plus de 1 500 au XIXe siècle . Beaucoup ont disparu du fait de la mécanisation et des guerres.

Les moulins à eau, qui ont été moins nombreux que ceux à vent dans notre département, sont actuellement les mieux préservés au long des cours d’eau comme la Canche, l’Authie, l’Aa ou la Scarpe. L’industrialisation et l’urbanisation ont fait disparaître la plupart des moulins à vent ; ceux qui subsistent sont visibles surtout dans le nord-ouest du Pas-de-Calais.

À travers l’étude des moulins, c’est toute une civilisation qui ressurgit , civilisation rythmée par les éléments naturels : l’eau et le vent. Les moulins permettent de présenter l’ensemble des activités humaines depuis le Néolithique avec les découvertes archéologiques des premières meules jusqu’au   XiXe  et XXe siècle, époques pour lesquelles les archives conservent le plus de traces.

Ce parcours retrace l'histoire des moulins du Pas-de-Calais , des premières traces apparues lors de fouilles archéologiques jusqu'à la présentation et la restauration de quelques emblématiques de notre territoire.

Course : step 6/11

Les moulins de Bouvigny-Boyeffles

Galerie photos

Bouvigny possédait deux moulins, l’un appelé moulin Tonton, l’autre moulin Bozolot.

Le moulin Tonton

Dessin monochrome représentant un moulin.

Illustration tirée de Gauheria n° 11, pp. 13/24. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, PC 1598/3.

Le premier fut construit en 1712 au pied des collines d’Artois, là où, dit-on, avait existé un autre moulin, quelques siècles plus tôt. Ses propriétaires, les Rohart-Leclercq, protestants, durent s’exiler pour un temps après la publication de l’édit de 1724.

Scorion, conseiller du roi, s’en empara. Quelques procès opposèrent d’ailleurs la famille Scorion aux meuniers, locataires du moulin, au cours du XVIIIe siècle. La Révolution le fit passer aux mains des Dupuich, puis, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, aux Poirier et enfin à Augustin Bonnel.

Avant la guerre 1914-1918 , ne pouvant rivaliser avec des installations plus modernes, il ne servait plus qu’à moudre les grains destinés à nourrir le bétail.

Dernier survivant des quatorze moulins du canton d’Houdain, il fut détruit lors du bombardement du 14 mars 1916. Refusant de quitter son moulin (ou ce qu’il en restait), le dernier meunier fut mortellement blessé quelques jours plus tard.

Le moulin Bozolot

Le deuxième moulin était bâti entre Gouy et Bouvigny, sur l’un des points les plus élevés des collines d’Artois ; il fut même question, vers 1913, d’y établir une table d’orientation.

Il ne put concurrencer les moulins à eau et les grosses minoteries, de sorte que, même si sa tour supportait encore des meules avant 1914, il ne fonctionnait plus et commença à s’écrouler.

Les murs de ces moulins étaient très épais, à peu près 1,50 mètre à la base, et composés, à l’intérieur, de moellons noyés dans un mortier de sable et de chaux. D’un diamètre extérieur d’environ huit mètres, les tours comportaient deux étages marqués à l’extérieur par un léger retrait. Au-dessus, faisant corps avec le toit, les ailes, les arbres tournants, les rouets et les queues. Au dernier étage on trouvait trois paires de meules, aux diamètres différents ; la plus petite était réservée à la mouture des grains pour le bétail.

L’épaisseur de ces véritables murailles ne protégea pas les moulins, que les vents, les obus et la négligence condamnèrent.

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