Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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Le dévouement des bourgeois de Calais

Le dévouement des bourgeois de Calais

huile sur toile de Jeanne Thil, 1922

Département du Pas de Calais

 

Native de Calais, artiste reconnue et appréciée des milieux artistiques officiels, Jeanne Thil gagne le concours organisé par la ville de Calais pour la décoration de la salle du conseil municipal de l’hôtel de ville. Elle choisit le thème du dévouement patriotique des six bourgeois de Calais. Parmi tous les épisodes du récit, elle s’attarde sur le moment où Philippa de Hainaut, épouse du roi d’Angleterre Edouard III, implore sa pitié. En plus de l’étude peinte, douze dessins préparatoires ont été acquis par la ville en 1925 pour le compte du musée qui n’en conserve actuellement plus que sept. Le tableau présenté au château d’Hardelot a été fait après ces dessins préparatoires et avant la fresque qui est toujours présente actuellement dans l’hôtel de ville de Calais.

Le style de Jeanne Thil est orientaliste. Les couleurs de la toile sont très vives, très diverses et très lumineuses.  Il est également figuratif ce qui n’est plus courant à cette époque qui coïncide avec la gloire de l’abstraction. Le coup de pinceau est néanmoins approximatif, épais et très marqué car il ne s’agit pas d’une œuvre finale mais seulement de la toile préparatoire destinée à aiguiller l’artiste pour un grand format dans une grande salle, destiné à être vu de loin.

 

tableau représentant la reine d'Angleterre Philippa de Hainaut implorant le roi d'épargner les bourgeois de Calais

Jeanne Thil, Le dévouement des bourgeois de Calais , huile sur toile, 1926, collections départementales du Pas-de-Calais

La composition est organisée en 3 plans. Au 1er plan, on trouve les 6 bourgeois de Calais, deux dans l’ombre au tout premier plan, les quatre autres légèrement en retrait dans la lumière, permettant de créer un lien avec le second plan. Celui-ci est constituée d’une servante agenouillée, habillée à la mode médiévale, Philippa Hainaut, Edouard III et son armée. Au troisième plan, on distingue la ville de Calais dans l’ombre, dans une gamme de couleurs presque identique au ciel.

Notre regard est tout de suite attiré par Philippa de Hainaut, car elle est au centre de la composition, en pleine lumière et toute vêtue de blanc. Elle fait le lien entre les bourgeois de Calais et son mari le roi d’Angleterre.

Jeanne Thil a voulu mettre en valeur, non pas les bourgeois de Calais , mais le courage de Philippa de Hainaut, qui a pris leur défense.

En 1347, après un long siège, Calais se rend aux Anglais. Selon Froissart, 6 notables acceptent d’apporter les clés de la ville à Edouard III. Lorsque les six bourgeois se livrent aux vainqueurs pour être humiliés et tués, la reine Philippa, émue, implore la grâce des victimes. Se jetant aux pieds de son époux, elle le supplie de leur laisser la vie sauve. Le souverain se laisse fléchir et accède à la requête de la reine, qui est sur le point de lui donner un enfant.

Pour en découvrir d'avantage sur les collections du château: https://chateau-hardelot.fr/Mediation/Collections

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