Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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La bible du jardinier mineur

Galerie photos

Un manuel de jardinage pour les mineurs de Lens

Les archives départementales conservent dans leurs fonds  un manuel insolite de jardinage datant de 1922 à destination des mineurs . L’objectif ? Détourner l’ouvrier du cabaret pour l’amener vers les bienfaits du potager. 

À Lens, un square situé à proximité de la rue Lanoy porte le nom d’un certain Arthur Choquet. Ce nom ne vous évoque peut-être rien mais  Arthur Choquet fait pourtant figure de référence pour le mineur jardinier . Employé comme ingénieur agronome au sein de la compagnie des Mines de Lens, ce fervent défenseur du jardinage auprès des ouvriers est à la tête des parcs et plantations de la compagnie. Dans le cadre de ses activités, il rédige  Le Jardin du Mineur , un guide de jardinage à destination des ouvriers. Publié par la compagnie une première fois dans les années 1910, il est réédité en 1922.

Arthur Choquet et les jardins de Lens

Les corons se composent d’un nombre de maisons d’aspect assez semblable : la perspective est toujours à peu près la même. Elle est loin d’être monotone cependant, car la Société des Mines de Lens a tout fait pour la rendre le plus agréable possible, par la décoration variée des façades des maisons, par la disposition même des Cités, et surtout par les nombreuses plantations d’arbres et d’arbustes fruitiers et d’ornement qui modifient heureusement l’aspect des rues et avenues, et embellissent les jardins. Supprimez par la pensée tous ces arbres, supprimez les jardins d’agrément, remplacez les haies d’arbustes variés par des palissades, et voyez combien l’aspect des corons sera changé, et peu engageant. Cette pensée seule suffit à nous donner une idée du rôle important que jouent les végétaux dans l’embellissement des choses qui nous entourent. 

Photographie noir et blanc montrant des jardins ouvriers.

Cité des cheminots de Lens. Jardins scolaires. Photographie [1918-1929]. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 45 Fi 144.

Comme d’autres entreprises minières,  la compagnie des mines de Lens s’investit dans la question sociale  dès la deuxième moitié du  XIXe  siècle, notamment via l’aménagement du cadre de vie. C’est dans cette optique qu’est recruté Arthur Choquet, en tant architecte paysagiste. Il s’installe à Lens en 1898.

Né à Arras en 1875, Arthur Choquet est ingénieur agricole, diplômé de l’école nationale d’horticulture de Versailles. Après la Première Guerre mondiale, il est nommé directeur des jardins et des plantations. Ardent défenseur des jardins ouvriers au sein de sa compagnie, il  met en place des méthodes d’éducation au jardinage , comme les jardins scolaires et publie un manuel plusieurs fois réédité. Il participe à la valorisation des œuvres des jardins lensois auprès des congrès nationaux, notamment auprès de la Ligue du coin de terre et du Foyer et de la Fédération des jardins ouvriers du Nord. Il est également un membre actif de l’Académie des Lettres, Sciences et Arts d’Arras.

Comment sont nés les jardins ouvriers ?

L’industrialisation du  XIXe  siècle crée un  paupérisme des ouvriers urbains . Certains réformateurs sociaux, comme Jules-Auguste Lemire (1853-1928), député et maire d’Hazebrouck et Félicie Hervieu (1840-1917) à Sedan, cherchent à lutter contre cette pauvreté et la dégradation de la santé des ouvriers.

Timbre montrant un homme bêchant son jardin.

Ligue française de coin de terre et du foyer, vente de timbre : carnet de timbres [1941-1954]. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais E-DEPOT 040/4Q/4.

Des petites parcelles de terre, réservoirs de bon air qui permettent de mieux résister aux maladies liées à la misère, sont mises à leur disposition à la périphérie des villes ou à proximité de l’usine. Des associations à visée moralisatrice, comme  la Ligue du Coin de Terre et du Foyer  fondée en 1896, aident à leur création. En 1905, le Pas-de-Calais compte 377 jardins ouvriers répartis entre les villes de Boulogne-sur-Mer, Calais, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Saint-Omer et Arras et le bassin minier.

Née du catholicisme social, l’idée des jardins ouvriers est reprise notamment par les compagnies des mines.  Le jardin "industriel" est aussi un dérivatif au cabaret ; autre lieu de sociabilité, foyer de mouvements revendicatifs et du syndicalisme. Il est le garant d’une certaine paix sociale.

Pour les industriels,  améliorer la qualité de vie des employés renforce leur productivité et leur fidélité  ; ils contrôlent ainsi l’attribution des ressources, terrains, graines, engrais et outils.

Les jardins permettent aux ouvriers souvent venus du monde agricole pour travailler dans les villes de renouer avec la terre et de sédentariser ces familles rurales déracinées.

En 1952, les jardins ouvriers deviennent familiaux. Ils bénéficient d’un cadre juridique et s’ouvrent aux classes moyennes. Tombés en désuétude après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l’avènement des supermarchés,  les jardins collectifs se réinventent dans les années 1980 . De nouveaux types émergent avec les crises économique, sociale et écologique. Ils s’orientent vers l’entraide, l’accès à de meilleurs produits ou la protection de l’environnement.

Que planter au jardin ?

Arthur Choquet recommande d’éviter les  légumes de fantaisie  et de ne planter que ceux  nécessaires aux besoins de la famille  : céleri, choux, courges, potirons et citrouilles, pommes de terre, poireaux et haricots. On produit aussi l’endive, en pleine terre ou en cave.

Le chou est un légume d’un maintien peu représentatif et pourtant ce nom éveille toujours une idée de gentillesse. "Mon petit chou" dit une maman à son chérubin, "Mon gros chou" dit-elle en s’adressant à son mari. C’est que le chou, s’il manque d’élégance, n’en a pas moins de grandes qualités : le chou-fleur renferme une notable quantité de soufre, tous sont pectoraux, émollients et rafraichissants. 

Les plantes médicinales trouvent de même leur place dans les potagers, notamment avant la diffusion des médicaments de synthèse à partir des années 1950. Les fleurs, quant à elles, repoussent certains nuisibles en plus d’égayer les terrains, particulièrement en vue des concours.

Pour conserver un bouquet, il faut d’abord asperger les fleurs avec de l’eau bien fraîche, puis le placer dans un vase contenant de l’eau de savon. Chaque matin, on les retirera pour tremper les tiges pendant environ deux minutes dans de l’eau claire, les fleurs seront aspergées à l’eau fraîche, puis le bouquet sera replacé dans l’eau de savon. Cette dernière sera changée tous les trois jours.

Jardiniers dans le quartier Méaulens-Saint-Géry (?) à Arras. Recto d'une planche d'un album de photos ayant vraisemblablement appartenu au propriétaire de la fabrique de semoirs Jacquet-Robillard. Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, 3 Fi 677. 

À découvrir prochainement, la nouvelle exposition des archives : Petits coins de terre

Du 27 février au 30 mars 2023, à la Maison pour Tous de Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise

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Pour aller plus loin

A. CHOQUET,  Le Jardin du Mineur , Lille, Imp. L. Danel, 1922 (deuxième édition). Archives départementales du Pas-de-Calais, BHB 948.

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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/view/embed-inline.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_longue.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_longue.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/view/embed-inline.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl" with resource "design"
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eZTemplate: Loading template "content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/mise_en_avant.tpl" with resource "design"
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'EN'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'FR'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Debug: ezpI18n::translateText Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Missing translation for message in context: 'patrimoines'. The untranslated message is: 'NL'
Timing: Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
Script end
Notice: Nov 26 2024 09:25:48
eZTemplate: Loading template "setup/debug_toolbar.tpl" with resource "design"

Main resources:

Total runtime0.4764 sec
Peak memory usage13,568.0000 KB
Database Queries360

Timing points:

CheckpointStart (sec)Duration (sec)Memory at start (KB)Memory used (KB)
Script start 0.00000.0089 1,140.5859610.0391
Module start 'content' 0.00890.2585 1,750.62505,564.6250
Module end 'content' 0.26750.2088 7,315.25004,795.5469
Script end 0.4763  12,110.7969 

Time accumulators:

 Accumulator Duration (sec) Duration (%) Count Average (sec)
Ini load
Load cache0.01392.9118270.0005
Check MTime0.01052.1955270.0004
Mysql Total
Database connection0.00060.119210.0006
Mysqli_queries0.181338.05193600.0005
Looping result0.00440.92913440.0000
TS translator
TS init0.00300.6370240.0001
TS cache load0.00130.2792240.0001
TS context load0.00110.2209240.0000
Template Total0.441492.630.1471
Template load0.00571.205530.0019
Template processing0.435691.430530.1452
Template load and register function0.00010.024110.0001
states
state_id_array0.00330.6959100.0003
state_identifier_array0.00370.7780110.0003
Override
Cache load0.00561.17691380.0000
Sytem overhead
Fetch class attribute name0.00270.5658140.0002
Fetch class attribute can translate value0.00070.1390140.0000
class_abstraction
Instantiating content class attribute0.00010.0180230.0000
XML
Image XML parsing0.01473.0805140.0010
General
dbfile0.00911.9098820.0001
String conversion0.00000.002330.0000
Note: percentages do not add up to 100% because some accumulators overlap

CSS/JS files loaded with "ezjscPacker" during request:

CacheTypePacklevelSourceFiles
CSS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/galerie.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/colorbox.css
JS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/galerie.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.swipe.min.js
CSS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/formulaire.css
JS0extension/cg62/design/archeo/javascript/commentaires.js
CSS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/bootstrap.min.css
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/stylesheets/fonts.css
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/stylesheets/base.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/confort-lecture.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/video-js2.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/page.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/agenda.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/actualites-detail.css
extension/cg62/design/cg62/stylesheets/jquery.cluetip.css
extension/cg62/design/archeo/stylesheets/archeo.css
extension/cg62/design/archives/stylesheets/archives.css
extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/stylesheets/patrimoines.css
JS0extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/common/fr_tools.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/common/accessibility_tools.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cookie.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery-ui.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cluetip.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.colorbox.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.colorbox-fr.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle.all.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.pager.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.tmpl.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.center.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/jquery.cycle2.carousel.min.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/accessiform.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/settings.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/video.dev.js
extension/cg62/design/cg62/javascript/videojs2/subtitles.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.bxslider.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.mmenu.min.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/jquery.scrollTo.min.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/flex-fallback.js
extension/cg62/design/hardelot/javascript/hardelot.js
extension/cg62/design/archeo/javascript/archeo.js
extension/cg62/design/archives/javascript/archives.js
extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/javascript/patrimoines.js

Templates used to render the page:

UsageRequested templateTemplateTemplate loadedEditOverride
1node/view/full.tplnode/view/full/gallerymulti.tplextension/cg62/design/archives/override/templates/node/view/full/gallerymulti.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplcontent/datatype/view/content.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/content/datatype/view/content.tplEdit templateOverride template
16content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/strong.tplEdit templateOverride template
44content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/paragraph.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/mise_en_avant.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/mise_en_avant.tplEdit templateOverride template
3content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/emphasize.tplEdit templateOverride template
9content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/header.tplEdit templateOverride template
6content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_longue.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_longue.tplEdit templateOverride template
6content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/embed.tplEdit templateOverride template
6content/view/embed-inline.tplembed-inline/image.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/embed-inline/image.tplEdit templateOverride template
20content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplEdit templateOverride template
4content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/cg62/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/abreviation.tplEdit templateOverride template
2content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/archives/templates/content/datatype/view/ezxmltags/citation_courte.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezxmltext.tplcontent/datatype/view/bloc_vide.tplextension/cg62/design/archeo/override/templates/content/datatype/view/bloc_vide.tplEdit templateOverride template
1content/datatype/view/ezobjectrelationlist.tplcontent/datatype/view/related_content.tplextension/cg62/design/archives/override/templates/content/datatype/view/related_content.tplEdit templateOverride template
1pagelayout.tpl<No override>extension/cg62/design/patrimoines/templates/pagelayout.tplEdit templateOverride template
1setup/debug_toolbar.tpl<No override>design/standard/templates/setup/debug_toolbar.tplEdit templateOverride template
 Number of times templates used: 126
 Number of unique templates used: 17

Time used to render debug report: 0.0014 secs