Patrimoines - Pas-de-Calais le Département
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Le circuit des églises fortifiées de l'Artois

Du Moyen-âge à l’époque moderne ( 10e au 18e siècle), le département du Pas-de-Calais était en partie représenté par le comté d’Artois qui s’étendait d’Arras et Thérouanne jusqu’aux portes de Montreuil, Calais et Douai. Le département du Pas-de-Calais était alors partagé entre plusieurs puissances européennes : la France, l’Angleterre (Calais) et l’Espagne. Entre le 14e et le 16e siècle, la position frontalière du comté d’Artois en fait le terrain privilégié des luttes féodales entre ces puissances pour étendre leur domination territoriale.

Pour se protéger des attaques et des pillages incessants, la population cherche refuge dans le seul bâtiment solide du village : l’église.

En effet, à l’époque, les maisons construites en bois et en torchis étaient facilement détruites. Aux 16e et 17e siècles, on assiste à une importante phase de construction ou de reconstruction des édifices religieux, pour y intégrer des éléments militaires défensifs. Les églises fortifiées rythment les paysages d’Artois et rappellent le passé mouvementé de cette région. Ce parcours vous propose de partir à la découverte de ces édifices hors du commun.

Course : step 10/21

L'église Notre-Dame de Capelle-Fermont

Galerie photos

Histoire de l'édifice

L’église Notre-Dame daterait du 11e siècle mais a été en majeure partie reconstruite au 16e siècle. Elle possède la particularité d’avoir deux clochers-murs, nommés « campenards » dans le nord de la France. L’un est construit sur l’arc triomphal du chœur et l’autre sur la façade. Le clocher-mur de la façade a été rajouté au 13e siècle.

Le clocher-mur de l'église Notre-Dame

On pense que l’église a servit de lieu de refuge pour la population lors des troubles du 15e - 18e siècles. En effet, les murs d’origine de la nef romane ont été surélevés au 16e siècle pour fortifier l’église. Une salle de refuge est alors aménagée au-dessus de la nef pour abriter la population en cas d’invasion. On remarque le mur de pierres blanches rajoutés sur le mur sud de la nef. L’église a été restaurée en 1897 puis en 1928 (les couvertures).

Mur surélevé de la nef percé de meurtrières, une salle de refuge y était installée

Des caractéristiques défensives 

Des mâchicoulis ont également été posés sur les murs (sud de la nef et portail) pour défendre le pied de l’église, on voit encore les corbeaux soutenant les mâchicoulis. Des petites meurtrières sont visibles sur le mur de la nef  où se situait la salle de refuge. Elles permettaient aux habitants de surveiller les environs sans être aperçus.

Mâchicoulis sur le mur sud de la nef

Quelques dates clefs

11e siècle : construction de l’église

16e siècle : surélévation des murs pour fortifier l’église

2015 : restauration des vitraux de l’église par le Conseil départemental en collaboration avec la Fondation du Patrimoine.

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